Disease in the Middle Ages :: Health

In the Medieval and Renaissance time periods, health conditions were extraordinarily poor for the European nations. Many different diseases and ailments arose to plague these unfortunate people. Luckily for them they had their much esteemed doctors, scholars and the highly â€Å"religious† clergy members to â€Å"help† rid them of their affliction. They offered solutions to the suffering souls seeking answers and a cure. Many of these illnesses were spread through prostitution, consumed grain, animals or too much of a bodily humor. It could be agreed upon that the medical education of these times were few and none. The most popular sickness of the middle ages was the four bodily humors. This physiological philosophy was brought about by Hippocrates, who was wrongfully regarded as the Father of Medicine. As history does, the ideas of great medical practitioners of ancient Greece were passed down through the Unani peoples to the Europeans. The four types of bodily humors are; black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. The idea was that too much of one of these humors would upset the balance of a person’s temperament. The humors were also associated with the four elements and seasons and have their own qualities. Yellow bile had the element of fire and the season of summer, it is said to cause irritability and anger and is characterized as hot and dry. Too much phlegm or water would make one sluggish or lazy, its season is winter and it’s said to be cold and moist. Black bile, having the element of earth and the season of autumn is said to make one sad and melancholic and is charac terized as cold and dry. Next there’s phlegm, associated with the element of water and the season of winter. Having too much phlegm results in apathy and is characterized as cold and moist.Lastly is blood, just like phlegm this bodily humor is somewhat self-explanatory. Blood, with the element of air and the season of summer, is said to bring about temperament and disposition and is characterized as, of course, hot and moist. This is also where the term hot-blooded is derived from. These behavioral unbalances were treated through diet, exercise, and activity prescribed to purge the body of the imbalanced humor. For example a person with the symptoms of yellow bile (hot and dry) would be treated by increasing its opposite, phlegm (cold and moist). The patient would be told to take cold baths until the symptoms decreased, but if this prescription did not work they were told to take hellebore, a poison with the side effects of vomiting and diarrhea.

Enrollment system Essay

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The Surname Brown Its Meaning and Origin

From the Middle English br(o)un, deriving from Old English or Old French brun, and literally meaning brown, as in the color, this descriptive surname (or nickname) refers to the color of an individuals complexion, the color of their hair, or even the color of the garments they wore most often. As a Scottish or Irish name, Brown may also be a translation of the Gaelic donn, which also means brown. Fast Facts for the Surname Brown Brown is the 4th most popular surname in the United States, the 5th most common in England, and the 4th most common last name in Australia. The variant surname, Browne, is also common in England and Ireland.Surname Origin:  English, Scottish, IrishAlternate Surname Spellings:  Browne, Braun, Broun, Breun, Bruun, Bruan, Brun, Bruene, BrohnBrown is the second most common surname among African Americans in the United States. Some freed slaves adopted the name Brown following the Civil War for the obvious reason that it described their appearance, however, there were also many who adopted the surname in honor of abolitionist John Brown. Where in the World is Brown Surname Common? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, the Brown surname is most prevalent in the United States, although the name is also borne by the highest percentage of the population in the Pitcairn Islands. The Brown surname ranks as the second most common surname in the country in Canada and Scotland, followed by third in Australia, and fourth in the United States and England. During the period of time from 1881 to 1901, Brown was the most common surname in the Scottish counties of Lanarkshire, Midlothian, Stirlingshire, and West Lothian, and the second most common surname in the English counties of Middlesex, Durham, Surrey, Kent, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Suffolk, Northamptonshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire, as well as in the Scottish counties of Ayrshire, Selkirkshire, and Peebleshire. John Brown, born circa 1312, in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England; John Brown, born circa 1380, in Stanford Draper, Rutlandshire, England are two early Englishman with the recorded surname of Brown. Famous People with the Surname Brown: John Brown—American abolitionist (1800-1859)Charlie Brown—the fictional central character of the popular Peanuts cartoon by Charles SchultzDan Brown—bestselling author, best known for The DaVinci CodeJames Brown—The Godfather of SoulVeronica Campbell-Brown—Jamaican Gold medal Olympic sprinterClarence Gatemouth Brown—Texas blues legendMolly Brown—Titanic survivor Margaret Tobin Brown, made famous by the 1960s musical, The Unsinkable Molly Brown. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Brown: Contrary to what you may have heard, theres no such thing as a Brown family crest or coat of arms.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. You wont be able to look up a Brown family crest but there are plenty of resources available to learn more about the family tree. Here are just a few: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their Meanings—Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown. If youre one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census, this resource can help you delve deeper into your family history. Brown Genealogy Society—A great collection of information on genealogies and histories related to the Brown surname. Brown DNA Study—This huge DNA surname study includes over 463 tested members to date who belong to some 242 unrelated, biologically separate Brown, Browne, and Braun family lines. Brown Family Genealogy Forum—Search this popular genealogy forum for the Brown surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Brown query. There are also separate forums for the BROWNE and BRAUN variations of the Brown surname. FamilySearch - BROWN Genealogy—Explore over 26 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Brown surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. BROWN Surname Family Mailing Lists—RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Brown surname. DistantCousin.com - BROWN Genealogy Family History—Free databases and genealogy links for the last name Brown. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.