Using San, Kun and Chan When Speaking Japanese

Essay On Global Healthcare Policy - 751 Words

International/Global Healthcare Policy Kelsea Collins HCM 320 – Intro to Healthcare Policy Colorado State University – Global Campus Professor Evelyn Shinn 24 November 2017 The largest, most charitable foundation in the United States is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation founded by Bill and Melinda Gates themselves is famous for their determination in wanting to reduce the poverty rates, and at the same time to improve overall health in our country (Mathews, 2008). The goal of this foundation not only strives to solve global health challenges, as well as the attract new scientists to the field to help them in their fight. Improving lives around the world and reducing inequities around the world is another important goal to†¦show more content†¦Before making investment and allocating resources, this foundation decides to develop their goals first (Desmond-Helmann, 2017). While there are also wildly disparate issues which are handled through this foundation, they have certain characteristics making them very complex, deeply rooted, and dynamic. Divisions within the company develops strategies and goals before they allocate res ources to make investments. However, usually annual reviews are done to the strategies which have already been put into place. Upon reviewing of previous strategies, they will then adjust as needed. This way they can ensure that they make sure that they are implementing plans that will allow them to achieve their goals. A four-phase process is used when it comes to making investments in order to help them to develop their contracts and grants. When it comes to helping conclude with an internal decision which a concept is aligns with, they will then proceed with the developmental work known as the first phase of the concept development (gatesfoundation.org). The pre-proposal phase is next which ends the decision in whether or not to solicit a grant or a contract proposal. The partner organization and the foundation will then sign an agreement which will include what their intended results, payment schedule, reporting deliverables or milestones, and their intended results before the f unded activities can commence. This is known as the third phase whichShow MoreRelatedMktg209 Research Paper1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe success of Cochlear Cochlear’s macro-environment and global marketing mix Analysis Abstract: To analyze the reason why Cochlear is successful, it is better to inspect it from a worldwide range. This essay uses PESTLE model to analyze its macro-environments in different countries and regions, and then discuss the impact of these factors. This essay also uses a number of examples to illustrate Cochlear s responding global marketing mix, to further emphasize the deep impact. 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Advent Of Implants Rendered Endodontics Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The justification for pull outing a tooth which has been endodontically treated and puting an implant in its position is a sensitive and combative one. In 2005 Ruskin et al1 published a professional sentiment article in which a strong instance is made for the extraction of dentitions and immediate arrangement of an implant over endodontic intervention. The writers province that the literature provides a clear advantage for implants in footings of success rates, predictability, and cost when compared with endodontic therapy. We will write a custom essay sample on Advent Of Implants Rendered Endodontics Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This point of view represents one extreme of what is going a turning argument sing whether or non to pull out a tooth which may be otherwise retained through endodontic intervention in favor of an endosseous implant. With the osseointegrated alveolar consonant implant construct developed by Brnemark going a widely accepted intervention mode for the replacing of losing dentition, the pick to retain a morbid tooth through endodontic intervention or pull out it and put an endosseous implant-borne prosthetic device is going a modern treatment-planning quandary. There is no uncertainty that the modern implant is a brilliant intervention pick when dentitions have been lost due to periodontic disease, cavities, or traumatic hurt. However, does the grounds support the bold claims of Ruskin and others? This reappraisal aims to reply this inquiry by analyzing the grounds available in the literature, comparing both intervention options under a figure of standards, and offering an sentiment as to whether the coming of implants truly has rendered endodontias disused. When researching the literature to compare between success rates of endodontic and implant intervention, a common job is cited in many articles12-15 relating to the markedly different standards used to mensurate success. Torabinejad et al16 found that result steps used in the endodontic literature were more rigorous than those in implant surveies. Endodontic success seems to be assessed utilizing the standards set out by Strindberg in 195617 ( or alterations of these criteria18 ) , which require the absence of periapical radiolucencies with a normal, integral periodontic ligament and integral lamina dura environing the vertex. Clinical map and histopathological rating of biopsied tissue samples have besides been used19. However, the success of implants has been mostly judged on survivability. Implant endurance has been described by Albrektsson20 as implants that are still in map but unseasoned against the positive result standards outlined by Watson et al21, i.e. an implant which is functional, symptom free and with no obvious clinical pathology. Therefore, the definition of endurance as found in the implant literature does non take into history the fact that there may be associated bone loss, redness or periodontic defects associated with these implants. For illustration, in a survey conducted by Brocard et al22, implants with marks of peri-implantitis and maintained by antibiotic intervention were non considered failures. Therefore, it has been suggested that success rates for endodontic therapy and implants may be unnaturally low and high, severally, because of the narrow definition of success used in endodontic clinical research and the slightly broad standards for success in the implant literature. In add-on to this job, Morris et al12 found that success rates of endodontic intervention surveies may be negatively biased because of the varying degrees of clinical experience of those executing the interventions, with the bulk of processs being performed by general practicians and pupils in the endodontic literature15, 23. In contrast to this, most implants were placed by specialists24. Some surveies have striven to battle these disagreements. Hannahan and Eleazer25 gauged both intervention types by specifying success as the radiographic grounds that the implant or treated tooth was still present in the oral cavity and that there were no marks or symptoms necessitating intercession during the follow up period. They found that there was no important difference between the success of either implant or endodontic intervention ( 98.4 % and 99.3 % severally ) but that there was a important difference in the demand for intercession after intervention, with 12.4 % of implants but merely 1.4 % of endodontically treated teeth necessitating intercessions. These findings were supported in a retrospective chart review14, which found that both interventions had similar failure rates but that implants had a higher frequence of postoperative complications which required intercession ( 17.9 % ) . Deporter et al26 besides found similar failure rates between the two but once more rep orted that implants had a higher incidence of postoperative complications necessitating intervention. Additionally, two separate systematic reappraisals in 200713, 27 concluded that the two interventions produce similar results. Physiological Factors, Function and Aestheticss Schulte28 found that the proprioceptive mechanisms of the natural tooth can non be replaced by ankylotic maintained implants. Trulsson29 showed that periodontic receptors expeditiously encode tonss when dentitions ab initio touch and manoeuvre nutrient, and merely a little sum of receptors encode the quick and powerful addition in force associated with seize with teething through nutrient. Consequently, patients who lack signals from periodontic afferent fibers such as those with implants – show an impaired all right motor control of the mandible. Therefore, tooth loss and replacing with an implant may hold inauspicious physiological and functional effects. Aestheticss has been reported as the most frequent job with implants in the anterior region30. Torabinejad and Goodacre31 found that a natural tooth can frequently accomplish better aesthetic consequences than an implant, but that in instances where the intervention program involves coronating the natural tooth, an implant Crown may be a better pick. This is because the implant can be crafted with a thicker sum of porcelain that enhances the colour-matching potency, particularly in the cervical part. Troubles have besides been reported in accomplishing aesthetic consequences when two next anterior dentitions are replaced with implants. It has been shown that merely 3-4 millimeter of soft tissue will organize coronal to cram lying between two implants, which may take to the loss of the interdental papilla and the formation of an inaesthetic black trigon between the two restorations32. Therefore, retaining a natural tooth maintains the proximal crestal bone and interdental papilla, helping overall aesthetics and visual aspect. Cost Benefit A cost benefit analysis comparing between single-tooth implants and endodontic intervention by Moiseiwitsch and Caplan33 concluded that – excepting any subsidiary processs such as bone transplants, sinus lifts or crown prolongation processs – endodontias and a Crown is less expensive, requires less visits and is completed quicker than an implant. Pennington et al34 found that root canal intervention is extremely cost-efficient and that orthograde re-treatment when confronted with initial failure is besides cost effectual, although surgical re-treatment was found non to be. This allowed them to reason that implants may hold a function as a 3rd line of intercession if re-treatment fails. Christensen35 found that an implant-supported Crown costs about dual that of a root-treated tooth restored with a Crown. This grounds suggests that, at least from a fiscal point of view, endodontic intervention may be a preferred pick compared with implants. Decisions It is clear from the grounds that both intervention modes are, within their ain indicants, extremely successful and permanent Restorations. However, the bold suggestion of this reviews rubric is erroneous. It has been shown that it is hard if non impossible to compare endodontic intervention and implants in footings of result because of the huge differences in the definition of success between the two in the literature. This contradicts Ruskins claim that implants keep a clear advantage and that they are more predictable in result than an endodontically treated tooth. Rigorous standards utilized in root canal predictive surveies may take to the recording of lower rates of success, while the usage of less terrible success standards in implant surveies may bring forth higher success rates. Iqbal and Kim13 concluded that the determination to endodontically handle a tooth or infusion and replace it with an implant Restoration should be governed by factors other than outcome because of th e troubles in comparing the two, and recommended that all attempts should be made to continue the natural tooth before sing extraction and replacing. To let us to do a more accurate comparing between the two intervention modes, standardized methods of finding success must be used in the implant literature. There is no deficiency of recommendations for such standards. Albrektsson et al36 set forward their standards for implant success in 1986 that included absence of mobility, absence of peri-implant radiolucency, absence of marks and symptoms, loss of fringy bone of less than 1.5 millimeter during the first twelvemonth after interpolation of the prosthetic device and less than 0.2 mm one-year bone loss thenceforth, and a minimal 10-year keeping rate of 80 % . Others have besides proposed add-ons to this set of criteria37, 38. What can be stated for certain is that endodontic intervention shows great value in its long-run permanency and success. One of the chief aims in dental medicine is the saving of the natural teething, often and successfully achieved utilizing endodontic intervention. A 2007 meta-analysis39 showed that natural dentitions surrounded by normal healthy periodontal tissues demonstrate a really high length of service of up to 99.5 % over 50 old ages, and even dentitions which are undermined periodontally can hold survival rates of between 92-93 % one time treated and maintained on a regular basis. This survey concluded that implants do non excel the permanency of a natural tooth even if it is compromised but treated efficaciously. Therefore an implant should non be an alternate for dentitions that can be restored and maintained. Indeed, the keeping of dentition is of import to most patients. As tooth doctors, one of our primary ends is the saving of the natural teething. We must ne’er shun our responsibility to salvage dentitions whenever possible, despite the frequent and sometimes aggressive protagonism of implant arrangement over root canal intervention. A conference every bit early as 1979 seeking a consensus on dental implants warned that selling was forcing what was a budding engineering into uncontrolled and extended use40. It has besides been shown that implant surveies have a high hazard of bias41. Today there is a turning tendency among some purveyors of implants to advance this engineering as a superior intervention option to endodontias, a tendency which may bias the general tooth doctors objectiveness and forbid them from appropriately measuring and reding their patients. A instance is frequently made that dentitions with failed endodontic intervention, which are campaigners for retreatme nt to to the full eliminate periradicular disease, have a high hazard of failure. However, there is plentiful grounds in the literature that punctilious controlled disinfection can take to about 100 % healing and function42, 43. It is this reviews recommendation that the determination to pull out a tooth with the purpose of puting an implant-borne Restoration should be dictated by the clinicians scrutiny of the single patient and based on both the grounds above and clinical opinion. In instances of ongoing endodontic disease, endodontic orthograde or retrograde intervention must ever be the first pick. How to cite Advent Of Implants Rendered Endodontics Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Unconscionability And How It May Mean That A Cannot Be Enforced

Question: What Are The Characteristics Of An Unequal Bargain That Must Or Might Be Demonstrated To Indicate Unconscionability? Answer: Introducation: In the present assignment, an attempt has been made to explore the impact of unconscionability on the enforceability of contracts that has been created by the parties in their business transactions. Sometimes, unfair practices adopted by the businesses and as a result, a large number of consumers are disadvantaged. With the rising number of such consumers, the need was felt to provide relief to such consumers under statutory law, and also under the provisions of common law. Therefore, in this research, the provisions of statutory law and also the relevant provisions of common law have been explored, particularly the changes that were introduced after the decision given in Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983). This was a particularly relevant case in which the court decided that it can rely upon the unconscionable conduct of a party to the contract. Hence, this case can be described as the reason due to which the amendment of unconscionability was introduced in the law of contract in Australia. Similarly, it is worth mentioning that with the rise in the provisions of consumer protection legislation that have been implemented for the purpose of providing justice to the consumers and at the same time to enforce the 'unconscionable conduct' clause when contractual relationships are created between the parties. Generally, the law provides that the ownership of business transactions rests with the trader. As a result, it is the responsibility of the trader to ensure that a fair and reasonable transaction has been created between the parties (Beatson and Virgo, 2002). In its form as a doctrine of contract law, the purpose behind the introduction of unconscionable conduct was that equity and fair play should be upheld. For this purpose, the term unconscionable conduct can be described as the behavior due to which the court may provide relief to the other party. In Blomley v Ryan (1956), the court had relied upon this doctrine for providing relief to the other party. At the same time, the application of unconscionability in cases of contracts created between the parties was further strengthened when this doctrine was used by the court to give its judgment in Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983). Under these circumstances, it becomes important to briefly mention the facts of this case. There was an elderly migrant couple from Australia, Mr. and Mrs. Amadio who stood as the guarantors for the loan that was taken by their son, Vincenzo from the Commercial Bank. The manager of the bank was in regular contact with Vincenzo and having a good understanding of the business realities, the manager knew that most probability, Vincenzo had not told the facts to his parents and made a misrepresentation for the purpose of preparing them to become guarantors for the loan he was going to take from the bank. Under these circumstances, the company failed and the bank started efforts to enforce the guarantee, which was given by Vincenzo's parents by mortgaging their building. Under these circumstances, the court to decide if the elderly couple can be considered as being bound by the mortgage and if this contract can be enforced against them, keeping in view the circumstances in which the contract was signed by them. It is worth mentioning that Amadios have migrated from Italy and they were not very proficient in English language. Moreover, before signing the contract, no independent advice was available to them. All this took place even when the bank manager, Mr. Virgo was well aware of the business situation of their son. However, he did not try to advise the elderly couple that they should seek professional and independent advice before standing as guarantors for their son. When the Amadios had signed the contract, the bank was well aware of the fact that the financial condition of their son was not very stable. Similarly, the bank also knew that perhaps the elderly couple was not aware of the fact that the business of their son was not doing well. Another issue was that the Amadios was under the impression that under the contract, their liability will be limited to $50,000. Therefore the bank did not try to inform the Amadios that in fact, there liability was unlimited as the guarantors for the loan taken by their son. In view of all these facts, the court arrived at the conclusion that the bank knew regarding the special disability from which the Amadios were suffering. But still the bank did not take any steps so that the elderly couple can understand the nature of transaction. Consequently, the court stated in this case that the bank had taken an advantage of an opportunity in this case and this can be said to be unconscientious. The court pointed o ut that on this basis, the clause of unconscionability relies upon. In view of this decision, a new concept became a part of the contract law. Similarly, as a result of this decision, legislative changes were also made in the statutory law. The term unconscionability can be distinguished in two ways. The first instance is of procedural unconscionability. In this case, the weaker party has suffered a disadvantage during the negotiations. Therefore, the stronger party has taken advantage of the fact that either the consumer does not have sufficient knowledge/understanding regarding the contract or the consumer cannot make an independent decision (Carlin, 2002). Therefore, in this case, there is failure on the part of the consumer to inform him that avenues are available from where help can be taken for the purpose of clearly understanding all the terms of the contract. Hence, it can be concluded in this case that an advantage has been taken by the trader regarding the lack of understanding of the consumer (Grantham and Rickett, 2001). The second case i s of substantive unconscionability. This is related with the unfairness of the contractual terms or the outcome of the contract. Similarly, it can also reveal that a particular contract was made on the basis of undue influence or coercion. Under these circumstances, it is not possible for the consumer to make an independent decision as the consumer is facing undue influence. Generally in such cases, the courts do not try to find out if the parties have received a good bargain or a bad bargain under the contract. But the court considers if in such a case, a chance was available to the party to properly decide if the transaction was in the best interest or not. As a result of the reason that generally went unconscionability is involved, an imbalance of bargaining power is also present among the parties, it is easy for individuals and small companies to allege unconscionability against large companies (Kremer, 2001). Under these circumstances, it can be said that the purpose behind the introduction of the doctrine of unconscionability can be described as to make sure that the stronger party is the aware of the fact that the other party suffers from a disadvantage regarding the transaction. In view of the decision of the court in Amadio's case, it can be said that the stronger party has to establish in the court that the transaction was fair, just and reasonable so that the transaction may not be impugned by the court. After the decision given by the court in Amadio case, several developments took place in this field of law. These changes include the amendments that were made to the earlier Trade Practices Act, 1974 and also the changes introduced in the Corporations Act, 2001 and the ASIC Act. Similarly, various codes of conduct that were in force in different industries also underwent these changes. For instance, reforms were seen in the financial services sector in July 1990. Similarly, it was provided by these changes that the ASIC has been given the main responsibility to handle the issues related with consumer and small-business protection in case of the financial sector. The respective application of different types of provisions related with the unconscionable conduct to the contracts dealing with financial services need to be decided, keeping in view the particular exclusion clauses and the definitions that have been mentioned in the ASIC Act. Although the legislation clearly defines the financial services and products, the provisions dealing with unconscionable conduct under this law are similar to the provisions that existed under the Trade Practices Act, 1974. Consequently, there are equivalent compliance obligations for the businesses that are operating in the financial services sector (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). For the purpose of dealing with cases where unconscionability is involved, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission provide certain remedies to the consumers. According to the law, administrative or court action can be taken by the Commission against individuals or businesses if the Commission believes that they are involved in unconscionable conduct that has breached the law. In such cases, the action taken by the Commission will depend on its priorities and also the nature of conduct. Several different types of administrative action is available to the Commission. For example, the Commission may make a request that a particular individual or business should stop particular conduct or it should change a particular trade practice adopted by it (Kremer, 2001). Regarding the serious examples of such conduct, it is available to the Commission to accept an enforceable undertaking from such person or business and the commission can also make it public. The courts can enforce the se written undertakings, in case an application has been made by the Commission. Similarly, it is also available to the Commission to take court action if it is not possible to resolve a particular matter through administrative means. In such cases, the law has empowered the Commission to seek injunction or any other order from the court against such individual or business. It is also available to the Commission to make a decision on behalf of the consumers. The commission can also represent the consumers if they are going to suffer a loss in a particular transaction as a result of the unconscionability of the other party (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). In Victoria, the apex body for financial counselors is the Financial and Consumer Rights Council. Responsibility has been given to the Council to provide resources and support to financial counselors. Similarly, it also supports the consumers who need support. Due to the financial problems faced by them. The Council has the responsibility to provide support and information as well as advocacy to the consumers in Victoria. The Council works in tandem with the community sectors. The services provided by the Council are confidential in nature and at the same time, they are provided free of cost to the consumers. The major purpose of providing these services to the consumers is to advocate for the vulnerable consumers in Victoria. The Council also supports the financial counselors. It also supports through stakeholder relationships in order to create systemic change. Hence, the Council supports the financial counseling sector through advocacy, law reform and also by ensuring that best pr actices adopted and maintained. in this context, consumer advocacy acts as a voice for the consumers. An examination of the history of consumer advocates see in Australia also supports this view. According to the literature evaluating the term advocacy and the perusal of mission statements of different organizations that claim to be the advocates of consumers, this view is supported. Under the present circumstances, it is very significant that the consumer advocates should act as the voice of the consumers, considering the long-term interests of the consumers. Different consumer organizations need to play an effective role, although significant constraints of resources are present. As a result, generally these organizations have to adopt the strategy to work smarter and harder as compared to their opponents. References Beatson J and Virgo, G J (2002) Contract, Unjust Enrichment and Unconscionability, 118 Law Quarterly Review 352 Carlin, T.M., (2002) The Rise (And Fall?) of Implied Duties of Good Faith in Contractual Performance in Australia, UNSWLawJl 4 Grantham R and Rickett, C (2001) On the Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment, 117 Law Quarterly Review 273 Kremer, B (2001) The Action for Money Had and Received, 17 Journal of Contract Law 93. Paterson, Robertson Duke, (2009) Contract: Cases and Materials, Lawbook Co, 11th ed. Case Law Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447, 461 Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594

Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls According to myths and legends, red fern grows only when planted by an angel from heaven. This plant is very rare that no ordinary person can cultivate this kind of plant. The story about the red fern was included in the novel written for children. The book entails the story of a little boy who had exhibited a lot of inspiring accounts throughout the whole story. It is also an exemplary story about true friendship and love for each other, the little boy to his two loyal dogs. It also illustrates lessons about family and perseverance to ones goal in life in the midst of crisis.The story began when a person named Billy, on his way home after his work, rescued a redbone dog that was being attacked by the other dogs in the street. After this, he remembered the time when he had dogs that looked like the animal he rescued in the street. He reminisce how he loved the dogs that were with him during his childhood. Need essay sample on "Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Often Tell EssayLab specialists: I bothered to complete this sample essay on my own and it was a failure. Go To The Order Section And Prepare Yourself To Be Wowed He remembered when his family still lived in a farm somewhere in Oklahoma. He also remembered how he meant to have two hound dogs that he showed his perseverance and determination to get what he wanted. Billy, for his young age did a lot of sacrifices just to have the money to buy two hound dogs. For two years, he worked to save the money he needed to buy the dogs he was longing for. When his grandfather knew that it was through his hard efforts just to buy these dogs, he supported Billy in his endeavor by volunteering to order the dogs to the pet store. However, it took a while before the dogs can be delivered into their residence. Billy did not want to wait anymore and he went to the store where the dogs are purchased and he picked the dogs and brought it home. He even got savings for his purchase of the dogs and decided to give it to his family. The relationship between Billy and his dogs started when the other kids pulled his sack where the puppy is inside and Billy defended his dogs from them. The next scenario is when Billy with his dogs decided to sleep inside a cave. Suddenly, a lion came out and his puppies scared the lion by barking fearlessly. He then named his dogs as Dan and Little Ann, the names carved in a tree that he saw at a fishermans camp. He trained his dogs and had them prepared for the raccoon hunting contest. His grandfather helped him to learn how to catch raccoons with his dogs. His family was very supportive of him in his desire to hunt raccoons. His parents brought him food and gave him inspiration to pursue his endeavors. There was an instance that Billy and his dogs chased a raccoon and he had a hard time cutting down the tree but eventually fell into the ground when a strong wind hit hard the tree. Billy thought he has his prayers answered. He continued his hunting and he gave all the money he ear ned to his family. Billy even won a contest in raccoon hunting with his hound dogs and his grandfather. However, the sad part of the story came when Billy with his dogs encountered a wild lion in the forest. His dogs fought hard to protect him but were wounded badly. Billy helped his dogs defeat the lion. After the incident he found Dan to be badly injured. He tried to recuperate his wounds but Dan died after a couple of days. Little Ann felt very lonely upon the death of Dan. Little Ann died also a few days after Dans death. Billy then was so lonely and sad for what happened to his dogs. His family consoled him and told him that he can now go to school and they will be transferring their residence to other towns. His father told him that all of these became possible because of all the money they received from him in selling for raccoon skins. Billy was happy to hear that good news. Before his family departs their home, Billy visited the place where his dogs were buried. He noticed a red fern growing in the ground and he remembered an old legend that red ferns can only be cultivated by an angel from above. With this in mind, Billy thought that his dogs is a blessing from God that helped his family to support with their needs. References Rawls, W. (1961). Where the Red Fern Grows Yearling. September 1996. ISBN 9780440412670

Concepts of Components Theory

Concepts of Components Theory Introduction Concepts are important in any research study. They are utilized to develop nursing theories. In essence, nursing theories originate from concepts. To achieve theory development, concepts must be defined. Additionally, they must be refined to establish connection with the theory. This paper will explore conceptual components of theory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Components Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conceptual components of theory Components form the blocks for theory construction. Besides, concepts create hypothesis. Hypothesis is usually accepted through use of concepts. Any theory can only be understood if its concepts are clearly outlined or if those expected to understand it are well conversant with the concepts. In essence, there can be no theory without concepts. Concepts make the building blocks of nursing theories (Rushing, 2008, pp. 198-210). How the components are observed and measured in practice Components of nursing theories can be observed and measured through research studies. Moreover, since most concepts are usually accepted, they are observed based on accepted rules for observation. They are also measured based on agreed procedures. In essence, assumptions are usually made on ways of observation and measurements. Nursing theory has numerous concepts. Among which are four main ones namely health, patient, environment and nursing roles/goals and functions. Middle range theories such as Johnson’s theory of sensation have utilized a number of nursing concepts. This can be observed through the patient’s behavior, nursing goals, health and environment of nursing (Veo, 2010, pp.17-22). For instance, the theory of sensation states that inconsistencies between what is experienced and expected in physical sensation usually result in distress. This can be observed through seeing, tasting, smelling and hearing. In essence, Johnson a rgues that when one is prepared to face surgery prior to the event, this reduces anxiety and thus increases his ability to cooperate fully throughout the procedure. It is also necessary to note that concepts are usually defined by measuring operation utilized. For instance, health can be measured by body mass index. Secondly, nursing can be measured through functions or roles. It is necessary to note that some concepts can only be measured indirectly using indicators. How the theory has evolved based on the testing of the concepts The theory of sensation has evolved over time. This has spanned through different theorists including psychologists. Scientific theories change whenever new findings come up. This usually happens when new findings faults old ideas. In the process, new interpretations are usually presented on old data. Sensation has evolved over time due to change in personality constructs/concepts.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, interaction with the environment has also led to behavioral changes. Modernized technologies have also led to advanced ways of measuring sensation. This has led to significant changes in concepts of the theory of sensation. In essence, when methods of observation and measuring of concepts change, it is probable that concepts also change to give new interpretations. Testing of concepts over time change with advent of new technologies and ideas. Validity of constructs is usually based on research and theory. Nursing theories are developed by defining and redefining concepts based on research. This evolves based on new constructs (Wills McEwen, 2010). Conclusion Concepts are essential in development of theories. They form the basic blocks of theories. They are characterized by assumptions since they are usually accepted for the period of time in which they are applicable. That is, once new ideas are brought f orth, they are usually changed to fit into new constructs. References Rushing, A. (2008). The unitary life pattern of persons experiencing serenity in recovery from alcohol and drug addiction. Advances in Nursing Science, 31(3), 198-210. Veo, P. (2010). Concept mapping for applying theory to nursing practice. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development, 26(1), 17-22. Wills, M. McEwen, M. (2010). Theoretical Basis for Nursing. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Anton Chekhov Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anton Chekhov - Research Paper Example Chekov was born in 1860 in southern Russia and lived in a difficult family. Some say his father, who was physically abusive, became the main influence on later characters who were portrayed as hypocrites.1 Chekov did well in school and studied to become a physician. But a part of him wanted to write too, so he started to do this for a little money. He was recognized and people began to like his work and he took a more experimental approach to literature with this new confidence. He was generally a modest man who was concerned with social issues. For several years he was concerned about prison reform. He even traveled over land a great distant to the island of Sakhalin off the coast of eastern Siberia where he interviewed prisoners about the conditions they lived under. Prisons in Russia have always been a problem, as seen in later years in the writer Solzhenitsyn work about the Russian gulags and the Siberian exiles. For Chekov this was all important to the Russian soul. He covered m any topics with aplomb and brought a clinical eye to the social relations he witnessed throughout his native land. When he died in 1904 he was praised all over Russia and statues were erected to him and prizes named after him. Two of Chekov’s most important contributions or innovations for contemporary literature are his use of stream-of-consciousness writing and also his refusal to declare a moral conclusion at the end of his stories, allowing the reader to come to his or her own conclusion. In the first case, Chekov would often take the reader directly into the head of the character to show what they were really thinking about—often details not directly relevant to the plot or narrative pacing—and also how they saw and judged the things around them. This technique later became very popular with writers such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, who used it to make a huge

EMA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

EMA - Assignment Example However, the major weakness of the company is skilled labour, they are lacking professional carpenters, who re-modify the old goods or fixed the defected part of the furniture. So, HR department of the company should hire some professional workers who have capability to do this, and help to beat their competitors like IKEA. The company also should hire some professional trainers, who could train the old employees of the company. The company is also lacking a specialist to develop a good marketing strategy for the company’s benefit. The company should hire a specialist who having experience in this filed and help the company to get out through this problem. The company needs to develop some unique strategy in their all functional department so that the Raft can build a strong image into the market. The organisation culture at RAFT is very flexible. The maverick approach which they follow in designing their furniture requires them to have a casual approach towards the organisation. Mick’s realises that his company will not be the next IKEA so he is ok with the fact that they do not have a strict corporate culture. Moreover his business strictly depends on online selling he does not need a strict corporate culture in his company as long as hi products are selling. So the factor which highlights the organisation culture of RIFT is the Maverick approach of doing business. This factor has the biggest influence on the organisational culture since it can showcase the way people work in the company. Raft is dealing with reclaimed wood to make furniture, and there is might possible that the furniture may carry defects. Hence, the cost of wood for the furniture is very low than the fresh wood. Therefore, the furniture which made by the Raft is could be as sort type of used wood. So the Raft should target those customers who are

BIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BIOLOGY - Essay Example An outer membrane which forms the outer covering of the organelle and inner membrane which is twisted n folds to form specific structure called Cistae. There are granules attached in the inner folds of cistae and the inside of a mitochondrial is filled with mitochondrial matrix. The main function of mitochondria is to produce energy for the cell in the form of ATP hence the name ‘power house of the cell’. Ans3. Centrifuge is process through which we can obtain different cell organelles. The process works in a way that when a solution containing cells is centrifuged, the supernatant fluid containing our required cell organelles separates out on the surface which is then collected and observed under the microscope to study required cell organelle. Ans4. Hemoglobin is present in red blood cells and is a necessary component for living things to survive. Hemoglobin’s main function is transport of oxygen. When deoxygenated blood goes through the lungs, the hemoglobin in RBCs attracts oxygen towards it. Oxygen binds with hemoglobin in the blood cells and is carried out to the body tissues where it is released from the hemoglobin and blood once again goes to lungs for oxygenation. Ans5. The main mechanisms of transport through cell membrane are 1) Diffusion 2) Active transport and 3) passive transport. Diffusion is the simple moving of molecules through the cell membrane across a concentration gradient. Active transport occurs when a molecule is supposed to be transported against the concentration gradient. Active transport takes place with the help of specific carriers that carry our required molecules against the concentration gradient through specific channels and this process requires energy. Passive transport occurs when a molecules uses another channel to move across the cell membrane. Ans7. DNA consists of two ribose sugar strands which are joined by nucleic acids Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine. These bases form the inner

Offender Profiling Techniques Effectiveness

Offender Profiling Techniques Effectiveness This essay will be discussing the effectiveness of offender profiling techniques. Firstly the essay will be looking into detail what offender profiling is and describing it. Secondly the essay will be looking at the comparison of the US and UK approaches and the effectiveness. Finally a conclusion with be drawn to look at the differences between the UK US approaches. In the criminal justice system, there is a growing demand for experts in the field of human behaviour who can assist law enforcement with solving unusual homicide cases. Law enforcement agencies often seek help from psychologists, criminologists, psychiatrists, and other professionals that specialize in human behaviour when trying to catch a suspect. Criminal profiling is in place to help detect and capture criminals, it has now become more common during many a criminal investigation. Criminal profiling has also been recognised as one of the most useful techniques in offender profiling, a technique used to help define the behaviour of an offender before they reach the height of their criminal career. This gives the Authorities a good idea of important facts of a criminals personality; facts such as: Profession, environment in which they live and whether it is possible for them to strike again or not. Offender profiling is commonly used in crimes such as paedophilia, rape, satanic and ritualistic crime, lust and mutilation murder and as well as many other crimes. The goals of profiling are: to make assessments from the crime scene that will give the authorities an idea of how to catch the criminal. According to The Guardian (the jigsaw man, Steven Morris 2000) The modern history of what came to be known as offender profiling began in the 40s when the US Office of Strategic Services asked William Langer, a psychiatrist, to draw up a profile of Adolf Hitler. After the second world war, Lionel Haward, a psychologist working for the Royal Air Force, drew up a list of characteristics which high-ranking Nazi war criminals might display. Then in the 50s, James A Brussel, a US psychiatrist, drew up what turned to be an uncannily accurate profile of a bomber who had been terrorising New York According to Holmes Holmes (1996) there should be three main goals of offender profiling, these are to provide the police with basic information about the characteristics of the offender such as age, race, personality, employment and marital status, to suggest any possessions the offender may have that would associate him with the crime scene (such as souvenirs the police may want to search for) and to provide interviewing strategies and suggestions the police may use when questioning a suspect. The American approach to developing a profile of an offender has been developed from an initial sample of interviews with 36 convicted serial sexual murderers, combined with detailed information from crime scenes. The next part of this essay it will be discussing the effectiveness of both UK US offender profiling and discussing the comparison of both approaches. Firstly, the US approach is known as holistic or top-down approach and data from scene and from MO compared with previously known information. The FBIs Crime Scene Analysis consists of six steps, which are summarized in the section that follows. Profiling Inputs: a collection of all evidence, including anything found on the scene (i.e. fibers, paint chips, etc.) and anything derived from the crime scene Decision Process Models: evidence is arranged to locate any types of patterns, such as whether or not the crime is part of a series of crimes, what the victims have in common. Crime Assessment: the evidence has been organized, the crime scene is reconstructed. Investigators use patterns to determine what happened in what order, and what role each victim, weapon had in the crime. Criminal Profile: the combined first three steps are used to create a criminal profile incorporating the motives, physical qualities, and personality of the perpetrator. Also, the investigators use this information to decide on the best way to interview the suspects based on their personality. The Investigation: the profile is given to investigators on the case and to organizations that may have data leading to the identification of a suspect. The profile may be reassessed if no leads are found or if new information is learned. The Apprehension: this stage only occurs in about 50% of cases. When a suspect is identified, he/she is interviewed, investigated, compared to the profile. If the investigators have reason to believe that the suspect is the perpetrator, a warrant is obtained for the arrest of the individual, usually followed by a trial with expert witnesses including the forensic psychologist and other forensic experts, including those involved in the crime science analysis. According to Jackson (1997) Offences most suitable for profiling involve those where the suspects behaviour at the crime scene revel important details about themselves. Arson and sexually motivated crimes where the criminal has demonstrated some form of psychopathy seem to offer the best chance of useful information being disclose. A few examples of profiling where its most effective are crime scenes revealing evidence sadistic torture, posturing of the body, ritualistic behaviour or staging. According to the F.B.I case which involve mere destruction to property, assault or murder during a commission of a robbery are generally unsuitable for profiling as the personality of the criminal is not frequently not revealed in such crime scenes. However drug related crimes lend themselves poorly to profiling because the true personality of a criminal is not recognised. Criminal profiling exists in large part due to the work of the FBIs Behavioral Science Unit, a department dedicated to developing new and innovative investigative approaches and techniques to the solution of crime by studying the offender, and his/her behaviour and motivation According to Brent E. Turvey, MS (1998) The advantages of the Inductive Criminal Profiling model are readily apparent. Foremost is that Inductive Profiling is a very easy tool to use, for which no specialized forensic knowledge, education, or training in the study of criminal behaviour or criminal investigation is required. Additionally, general profiles can be assembled in a relatively short period of time without any great effort or ability on the part of the profiler. The result is often a one or two page list of unqualified characteristics. These generalizations can accurately predict some of the non-distinguishing elements of individual criminal behaviour, but not with a great deal of consistency or reliability. The next part of the essay will be discussing the UK approach of offender profiling. The UK approach to the term offender profile came well known to the police forces and the general public during the 1980s. British approach is less subjective and called bottom up method, or data-driven. Data is collected and analysed to produce definite, measured, specific associations between offences and offender characteristics. Paul Britton is a Consultant Clinical and Forensic Psychologist who founded psychological profiling in the UK. He has advised the police in over one hundred serious investigations, including some of the most high profile crimes of the past twenty five years. In his previous role as head of the UKs largest Forensic Psychology Service, he assessed and treated thousands of offenders, victims and witnesses. He sat on the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on offender profiling for some years, remaining an independent consultant for several more, and has liaised with worldwide agencies. Professor David Canter was a pioneer in this nascent field, helping to guide detectives in the mid-80s to an offender who had carried out a series of serious attacks. But he saw the limitations of offender profiling- in particular, the subjective, personal opinion of a psychologist. He and a colleague coined the term investigative psychology and began trying to approach the subject from what they saw as a more scientific point of view. The approach to offender profiling uses the setting and nature of and physical evidence at the crime scene. This builds up a relationship between the characteristics of the offence and the actual offender. This approach also uses scientific statistics in processing evidence. Each profile is unique to the individual offender which gives the technique the name bottom-up. Offender profiling is most useful when trying to find a serial offender as police can identify the typeof victim, especially in rape and/or murder cases. The behaviour of the criminal is an important feature in profiling an offender examples of this are; the location of the crime, type of victim, interaction with victim and often the timing of the crime. Environmental concepts such as mental mapsare often used in order to develop the idea that typical rapists live in the area that they offend in. This approach to profiling aims to be more scientific, using real evidence and statistical analysis. Canter (2000) states concerns that the F.B.I.s typologies may be too closely focused on the behaviors of the offenders rather than on the meaning of the behaviors. A detailed examination of the crime scene might thus be seen as an essential first step in the gathering of relevant information. While a phys ­ical examination is already carried out by forensic scientists searching for fingerprints, clothing fibres, semen samples etc., the scene can also reveal other clues to the profiler. detailed examination of the crime scene may well provide clues as to the underlying personality of the offender. It appeared that some offences were carried out with a great deal of forward planning, while others were committed with little planning or preparation. In the latter case, a victim may have been selected at random, whereas in the former, a victim may have been targeted and observed for some time in advance of the offence. While a detailed examination of the crime scene will be helpful to a profiler, such an examination is not always possible. For example, some recent research in the UK (Smith, 1998) has sug ­gested that profilers tend not to be bro ught in at the earliest opportunity, but rather are contacted when other more traditional forms of police enquiry have failed. By this stage the crime scene will probably have been disturbed and vital clues possibly lost. Turvey (1999) warns against using profiling as anything other than suggesting probabilities. He cites the case of Rachel Nickell, studied by Kocsis et al. (1998). After looking at both approaches from the UK US, they both have different approaches to offender profiling. Firstly, Boon and Davies (1992) argue that the British approach is based on bottom-up data processing (an analysis of existing evidence) the aim being to identify associations between offences and offender characteristics. The American approach is top-up and uses subjective conclusions drawn from both experience of crime and interview with criminals. This states that the UK approach looks at the data of a criminal and the evidence, the US approach looks at the criminal and gathers information.

Egyptians :: essays research papers

Egyptians "Did the early Egyptians have help in building the pyramids?" All over the world remain fantastic objects, vestiges of people or forces which the theories of archaeology, history, and religion cannot explain. There is something inconsistent about our archaeology. They have found electric batteries many thousands of years old. They have found strange beings in perfect space-suits with platinum fasteners. They have also found numbers with fifteen digits- something not registered by any computer. How did the early men acquire the ability to do this? par tab Some say all these questions can be answered through the evidence found in ancient wall paintings and carvings, and the sculpture and buildings found in many different parts of the world. All over Europe and South America there is evidence left behind by the ancient people of these great civilizations.par tab First, a look at whether there is or could be intelligent life on other planets. It is conceivable that we world citizens of the twentieth century are not the only living beings of our kind in the cosmos. Because no alienspar from another planet is on display in a museum for us to visit, the answer, "our earth is the only planet with human beings," still seems to be legitimate and convincing. But that is a very narrow-minded way to look at things. The idea that life can flourish only under terrestrial conditions has been made obsolete by research. It is a mistake to believe that life cannot exist without water and oxygen. Even on our own earth there are forms of life that need no oxygen. They are called anaerobic bacteria. A given amount of oxygen acts like poison on them. Why should there not be higher forms of life that do not need oxygen?par We are still convinced that our earth is the center of everything, although it has been proved that the earth is an ordinary star of insignificant size-30,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way. The human race is certainly more willing to accept the possibility of extraterrestria l contact now than it was, say, half a century ago. So if there is evidence shown the extraterrestrials did have an influence on ancient civilizations, we should be able to look at it and make a intelligent decision for ourselves.par tab Much evidence is found on the walls of ancient buildings and temples. The walls of tombs and even caves have the signature of something other than human. In Anannhet, Tassili there are rock paintings 8,000 years old with strong figures. These figures are flying above a spherical object with a hatch like lid and two